When considering financial risks there are only four categories of risks: less than a million dollars, less than a billion, a few trillion, and the black swan, the unpredictable and immeasurable risk.
When Volkswagen used digital technologies to create “smart” engine management capable of detecting the US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) test, the CEO congratulated his R&D team. Our analysis shows that the main failure was the disconnect between Digital Transformation and the ESG.